Follow Adelante Mujeres

I'm going to be posting some short articles on Adelante Mujeres' blog if you'd like to read them.  It's also a good place to learn more about the organization.

The Forest Grove Farmers Market went well this week and hopefully as the weather begins to warm up the vendor and buyer attendance at the market will continue to improve.  In addition to market, I've been working on trying to finalize a budget for Esperanza Distributor supplies, creating a post-harvest handling crop specifics guide for La Esperanza farmers, and have roped my dad into helping build a produce washing station at the farm.

Photos from market on the 24th (there aren't a ton of people because it was before the market had actually opened).  As usual you can click on any photo to enlarge it.

Adelante Mujeres' market truck

Market sign: pardon my imperfect Spanish.

Amaro's Produce, graduates of Adelante Agricultura's sustainable agriculture class.

Pest And Disease Types Of Corn In Storage (Barn)

1 . Powdered beetle pests ( Sitophilus zeamais Motsch . )
S. zeamais , " maize weevil " or powdered beetles undergo complete metamorphosis , from egg to imago stage ( adult beetles ) . Eggs are laid on any item that has a hole as deep as 1 mm , each hole is then sealed with the rest of the hoist . Egg stage 7 days . Larvae , no legs and clear white . When moving , somewhat shriveled larvae . Stage larvae 7-10 days . Pupa ( chrysalis ) , it looks as if an adult , pupal stage 7-12 days . Imago , his head forming elongated snout ( snout ) . Wings ( left and right ) has a rather pale -colored spots . Pronotum has a small indentation , round each other in a tight situation . The wings can be fully developed , so that the rear wing is used to fly . 3.50 to 5 mm in body length . Imago female can produce 300-400 eggs grains . The resulting egg can reach 575 points . This pest is polipag , besides damaging the corn can also damage the rice , rice etc. . Temperature range for the development of this pest is 17 - 34oC , with an optimum temperature of 25 - 30oC , humidity ranges are 45-100 % . Rapid population growth in material savings when their water content above 15 % . At high beetle populations tend to disperse powder .

In the vegetative phase ( 15-42 days after planting )

1 . Stem borer ( Ostrinia furnacalis Guenee )In general, Ostrinia furnacalis eggs that reached 90 points put on the bones of the lower leaves of the top three leaves . Caterpillar coming out of the egg to the male flowers and spread with the wind . Some are directly broaching the veins that have been opened , then headed rod and the rod gnawing and forming the hallway leading to the top . After reaching the top book , caterpillar to book right down the bottom. Pupae caterpillar in the trunk . A female moths lay eggs capable of 300-500 grains . Life cycle of 22-45 days . Corn stalk usually broken then the plants die because cessation of trans location of nutrients from roots to leaves . Ostrinia furnacalis O. furnacalis began at the age of 40 HST found that there are only 4 groups of eggs ( KT ) per 100 plants . Based on observations in the laboratory from 4 KT fairly low number of eggs per group is only about 10-15 eggs per group. Stem borer larval population is quite low at 50 days after planting the plants with 6 larva/100 instars 2-3 . In the next at 60 HST observations are only 3 larval instars 3-4 that the observation was further larvae become pupae at 80 days after planting .Control : by using insecticide Carbofuran 3 % on top of as much as 2-3 g of crop plants .

2 . Armyworm ( Spodoptera litura F. , Mythimna separata )The caterpillars appear implanted after 11-30 HST . Attack on young plants can inhibit plant growth can even kill plants . Heavy attack on the crop can result in leaf bones live alone . Female moths lay groups of eggs are covered with fine hairs red- brown color on the lower surface of the leaf . Each group consisted of eggs 100-300 grains . A female moths lay eggs capable of 1000 - 2000 points . Period eggs 3-4 days , the caterpillar 17-20 days , pupae 10-14 days . Life cycle 36-45 days . Control : by using insecticide Carbofuran 3 % given the plant shoots .
3 . Corn plant hopper ( Peregrinus maidis ASHM . )Shape and size similar to the adult insect pest brown planthopper adults who subjugate rice . Life cycle of 25 days , 8 days past the egg , egg elliptic and slightly bent ( such as bananas ) , translucent white color that is placed on the leaf midrib tissue separately or in groups . Had befallen 5 instar , first instar reddish color then gradually changed into yellowish white . Along the upper surface of the body there are small spots of brown . The first instar like new leaves tebuka , leaf midrib , leaf and flower petals are young males and soft . Body of adult leafhoppers brownish yellow , translucent wings and two black eyes . There are spikes on the back of the tibia can rotate. No adult insects have wings long and some are short winged . Have spots on the wing tips and yellow stripes on the back . While on a short winged have transparent wings with dark spots . Both have the characteristic pattern of black and white on the ventral abdomen . Thrive in the rainy season is more than 500 crops in maize ± 2 months of age , whereas in the dry season relatively low population of only 1-23 tail cropping . Symptoms on leaves appear yellow striped patches , short lines continued to falter until the veins especially in the second and third . Leaves appear yellow striped long , so did the leaf midrib . Plant growth will be stunted , a dwarf , crops to wither and dry ( hopper burn ) . Control : simultaneous planting time , planting time is done at the end of the rainy season and when using insecticide use insecticide Carbofuran 3 % .
4 . Disease leaf spot ( Bipolaris maydis )Cause of the disease is a fungal leaf spot Helminthosporium turcicum Pass . or Helminthosporium maydis Nisik . Maize plants attacked by this fungus showed symptoms such as hay grayish brown spots on the leaf surface with a length of 4 cm and a width of 0.6 cm to Bipolaris maydis , and to H. turcicum has a length of 5-15 cm and a width of 1-2 cm . Spread of leaf spot disease in South Sulawesi .Control : use of varieties resistant to H. turcicum in the highlands , such as the Pioneer - 8 , NK - 11 , Kenia - 1.
USE CHEMICALSSeed treatment  - 1 metalaxyl -treated ( 2.5 g / kg ) and NPK fertilizer were added Nordox56WP ( each 1 kg NPK added 5 g Nordox56WP ) value of the average score of the statistical very significantly different from the control value score .
5 . Blight disease / Upih Leaves ( Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn )Cause of this disease is the fungus Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn . Leaf spot symptoms also widened on the red midrib grayish , seen a white granules which can change color to brown that sticks to the surface of the leaf / stem infected . General strike during the rainy season . Control : by using antagonistic fungus Trichoderma viride.

Types of pests and diseases on corn In the vegetative phase ( 0-14 days after planting )

Pests and diseases are constraints on the cultivation of maize . There are several types of pests and diseases is a major obstacle in the cultivation of corn that can reduce the quality and quantity of results . The main pests that attack corn seeds are flies , caterpillars soil , lundi ( uret ) , stem borers , armyworms , leafhoppers corn , cob borer . Beetle pests in storage is powdered and Tribolium castaneum . Corn crop diseases are downy mildew , Little Mosaic Virus , leaf spot , upih leaf , stem rot and ear rot . Many fungi that infect corn in storage is Aspergillus flavus , A. Parasiticis . Controlling pests and diseases that attack maize adapted to the growth phase .

1 . Flies seeds ( Atherigona sp . )
Small seed flies , egg -shaped elongated and placed on the youngest leaves ( hypocoty ) . After 48 hours the eggs hatch at night , out of the eggs and larvae move quickly toward a point which is the main food growing . This pest attacks the crop began to grow until the plant since about a month old . Fly larva gnawing seed plant shoots and go up into the shaft . Flies like plant seeds of youth between the ages of 6 to 9 days after planting (DAP ) to lay their eggs . At that time the new crop of leaves 2-3 strands and in general most fly eggs laid on the first leaf ( Soejitno et al . 1989) . At a certain depth the grubs usually gets moving again after broaching the plant stem , then out to become pupae in the ground ( Iqbal et al . 1988 ) . In severe attacks , corn crops can wither and die or do not die when growth is hampered ( Kalshoven 1981) . Flies breed quickly seedlings with the high humidity , therefore flies in the rainy season is a major pest of corn . Life cycle ranges from 15-25 days . A fly females capable of laying 20-25 seed grains ( Kalshoven 1981) . To control use of resistant varieties and seeds through the soil treatment at planting time or given the age of the plant leaf buds one week at a dose of 0:24 kg ai / ha .

2 . Black cutworm ( Agrotis ipsilon Hwfn . )
Agrotis ipsilon moths lay eggs one by one in a row or placed tightly on one surface of the leaves on the plant near the soil surface . Female moth can lay eggs ± 1800 grains . Stadia eggs 6-7 days . Young larvae are fototaksis , while older larvae are geotaksis so during daylight hours hiding in the ground and reappear to eat at night . One generation may take 4-6 weeks . Control : planting simultaneously , can also be done inundation .

3 . Lundi  ( Phyllophaga hellen )
Beetles or flies after the first rain is quite heavy , causing the soil moderately moist . Eggs are laid one by one on the ground . Egg stage 10 -11 days . Active larval stage larvae ± 5.5 months and about 40 days of inactivity . Section larvae attack the roots of corn plants , causing plants to wither and fall or die . Control : crop rotation or cultivate the land properly to turn off the larvae .

4 . Downy mildew ( Peronosclerospora sp . )
In Indonesia there are 2 types of fungi that can cause downy mildew is P. maydis and P. philippinensis ( Semangun 1973), however in 2003 has been found P. sorghi in Highlands Karo , North Sumatra ( Wakman and Hasanuddin 2003 ) . The symptoms of downy mildew , leaf berklorosis part or all of the leaves , when plants are infected early will cause stunted plants , no fruit . Control : seeds to be planted seeds treatment done in advance using the active ingredient metalaxyl , or Nordox 56WP fungicide sprayed on the plant began at the age of 5 days after planting until no longer gutasi in plants , and can also use resistant varieties such as local ordinance, Lagaligo , Surya , Bisi - 4 , Pioneer ( 4,5,9,10 and 12 ) .

5 . Dwarf mosaic virus disease ( VMK )
Cause of the disease is caused by Sugarcane Mosaic Virus , Cucumber Mosaic Virus or Pygmy Mosaic Virus . Visible symptoms on leaves with a change in the color of the light green among the dark green normal . Control : application of insecticides for vector control with the active ingredient monokrotofos , Tamaron or Thiodan and conduct eradication in infected plants .